Photo by Purvi Vyas

Our Guest writer Karthik Kumar specifically answered this in his post ” Organic Farming – Can It Feed the World?” quoting an extensive study done by the University of Michigan, USA and the presentations at the FAO Conference in 2007.

Earlier this year, the WorldWatch Institute arrived at similar conclusions in “The State of the World 2011: Innovations That Nourish the Planet” report, quoting several examples from their teams’ travels to Africa. They called for moving beyond the narrow paradigm of increasing yield through seeds (e.g., through genetically modified ones), moving beyond farms (by improving storage and transport) and moving beyond Africa (by looking at agro-forestry as a climate change solution).

Other articles we’ve posted in the recent past are the excellent ones by Grist.org called, “Debunking the stubborn myth than only industrial ag can feed the world” and The Ecologist’s article, “10 reasons why organic farming can feed the world”

We are certainly pleased to share another pathbreaking report by the UN called “Agro Ecology and the Right to Food” released in March 2011 which concludes that Ecological agriculture is the only way forward to feed the hungry of the world.

Olivier de Schutter Photo by wn com

As Olivier de Schutter, the UN Special Rapporteur for Food says in the report and video below, that in the long run, it is not a question of ‘either’ large scale industrial agriculture ‘or’ smaller scale ecological farming – the transition has to be made, and is the only way forward for a sustainable future to ensure food security and to grapple with climate change.  It does not mean reverting to ‘subsistence’ agriculture, but using techniques such as agro-forestry and intercropping to increase yield and biodiversity, and scaling these up by teaching farmers.

Ecological agriculture is intricately linked to the “Right to Food” which goes beyond the right of every man, woman and child to be fed. “It is about being guaranteed the right to feed oneself, which requires not only that food is available (that the ratio of production to the population is sufficient), but also that it is accessible – i.e., that each household either has the means to produce its own food, or has sufficient purchasing power to buy the food it needs.”

According to the Press Release :

Eco-Farming Can Double Food Production in 10 Years, says new UN report

GENEVA – Small-scale farmers can double food production within 10 years in critical regions by using ecological methods, a new UN report shows. Based on an extensive review of the recent scientific literature, the study calls for a fundamental shift towards agroecology as a way to boost food production and improve the situation of the poorest.

“To feed 9 billion people in 2050, we urgently need to adopt the most efficient farming techniques available,” says Olivier De Schutter, UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food and author of the report. “Today’s scientific evidence demonstrates that agroecological methods outperform the use of chemical fertilizers in boosting food production where the hungry live –especially in unfavorable environments.”

Agroecology applies ecological science to the design of agricultural systems that can help put an end to food crises and address climate-change and poverty challenges. It enhances soils productivity and protects the crops against pests by relying on the natural environment such as beneficial trees, plants, animals and insects.

“To date, agroecological projects have shown an average crop yield increase of 80% in 57 developing countries, with an average increase of 116% for all African projects,” De Schutter says. “Recent projects conducted in 20 African countries demonstrated a doubling of crop yields over a period of 3-10 years.”

 Video link here

“Conventional farming relies on expensive inputs, fuels climate change and is not resilient to climatic shocks. It simply is not the best choice anymore today,” De Schutter stresses. “A large segment of the scientific community now acknowledges the positive impacts of agroecology on food production, poverty alleviation and climate change mitigation — and this this is what is needed in a world of limited resources.  Malawi, a country that launched a massive chemical fertilizer subsidy program a few years ago, is now implementing agroecology, benefiting more than 1.3 million of the poorest people, with maize yields increasing from 1 ton/ha to 2-3 tons/ha.”

The report also points out that projects in Indonesia, Vietnam and Bangladesh recorded up to 92 % reduction in insecticide use for rice, leading to important savings for poor farmers. “Knowledge came to replace pesticides and fertilizers. This was a winning bet, and comparable results abound in other African, Asian and Latin American countries,” the independent expert notes.

“The approach is also gaining ground in developed countries such as United States, Germany or France,” he said. “However, despite its impressive potential in realizing the right to food for all, agroecology is still insufficiently backed by ambitious public policies and consequently hardly goes beyond the experimental stage.”

The report identifies a dozen of measures that States should implement to scale up agroecological practices.“Agroecology is a knowledge-intensive approach. It requires public policies supporting agricultural research and participative extension services,” De Schutter says. “States and donors have a key role to play here. Private companies will not invest time and money in practices that cannot be rewarded by patents and which don’t open markets for chemical products or improved seeds.”

The Special Rapporteur on the right to food also urges States to support small-scale farmer’s organizations, which demonstrated a great ability to disseminate the best agroecological practices among their members. “Strengthening social organization proves to be as impactful as distributing fertilizers. Small-scale farmers and scientists can create innovative practices when they partner”, De Schutter explains.

“We won’t solve hunger and stop climate change with industrial farming on large plantations. The solution lies in supporting small-scale farmers’ knowledge and experimentation, and in raising incomes of smallholders so as to contribute to rural development.”

“If key stakeholders support the measures identified in the report, we can see a doubling of food production within 5 to 10 years in some regions where the hungry live,” De Schutter says. “Whether or not we will succeed this transition will depend on our ability to learn faster from recent innovations. We need to go fast if we want to avoid repeated food and climate disasters in the 21st century.”

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Further links you may be interested in:

YouTube: Olivier De Schutter, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food Speaking at the IIED and HIVOS Provocations Event in Stockholm in March 2011.

Video link here

Foreign Policy: Can the World Feed 10 Billion People? by Raj Patel

Non-GMO Report: Leading Scientist (Henn Herren) says acroecology is the only way to feed the world

EWTT: Vandana Shiva: Traditional Knowledge, Biodiversity and Sustainable Living

EWTT: Dr Vandana Shiva’s Sydney Peace Prize Lecture: Time to End War on Earth

EWTT: Vandana Shiva speaks at Right2Know March

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Several decades have lapsed since the “Green Revolution” promoting large scale agriculture and intensive use of pesticides, yet nearly a billion people on the planet continue to starve.

With growing realisation about the toxic effects of fossil-fuel based inputs on top soil, water, workers’ health as well as the increasing opposition to technologies such as genetic modification of seeds, World Watch Institute’s latest report “State of the World 2011: Nourishing the Planet” comes as music to the ears.  Launched on 12th January 2011, the report advocates a shift to small scale agriculture as a sustainable path for food security and hunger alleviation.

The report is a result of the visit of Nourish the Planet‘s team to 25 countries of sub-Saharan Africa over a one year period, which draws from hundreds of case studies and face-to-face examples of working solutions. Founded in 1974 by economist and farmer Lester Brown, World Watch Institute has been releasing informative and indepth environmental reports every year.

Some of the main facts highlighted in the report:

* According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 925 million people around the world go hungry everyday, 239 million of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa.

* Agriculture’s share of global development aid has dropped from more than 16% in 1980 to a mere 4% today. Much of that money fails to reach poor farmers of Africa.

* The prescriptions of the Green Revolution are not always appropriate or applicable to the 60% of the food-insecure who live in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, mostly on small farms. In sub-Saharan Africa only 4% of the cultivated land is equipped for irrigation.

*In sub-Saharan Africa, 75 percent of agricultural producers are women. Yet women also make up half of the population that is living on less than US$1.25 a day. The Millennium Development Goal to halve hunger by 2015 will not be met without a revolution in the way decision makers think about women—not just as agricultural producers, but as business people who need access to markets and financial services.

The report interestingly invites ‘farmers, scientists, donors, agribusiness executives, and the global community’ to consider three main paradigm shifts:

GO BEYOND SEEDS :

In a world dominated by a few varieties of crops, the focus is usually on new seeds including GM seeds to increase production. However, what works in the long term is nourishing and managing soil, indigenous crops and scarce water resources.

Innovations such as human powered pump and treadle pumps are effective local solutions, and so is intercropping with trees which reduces solar gain and heat intensity on the fields, while increasing crop yields. The focus needs to shift from single crop yields of large scale agriculture to biodiverse yields of small farms.

GO BEYOND FARMS:

The mindset has to move from ‘more production’ to preserving what has already been produced. A quarter to half of food harvested in poor countries is  contaminated or spoilt before reaching the table. Better silos and low cost methods such as plastic bags can help .

According to the report, “ Although reliable figures are lacking, official estimates suggest that post-harvest losses across Asia average around 13 percent. China lost 15 percent of its grain harvest—up to 11 percent of the nation’s rice—in 1993. In Vietnam, 10–25 percent of rice is normally lost, and in extreme conditions as much as 40–80 percent can be lost. In Brazil and Bangladesh, crop losses average 22 and 20 percent, respectfully. Despite the magnitude of this problem, only 5 percent of investments toward agricultural improvements are directed at reducing post-harvest loss. ‘

Another trend the report makes note of is the increasing urban populations. It mentions, ”In 2008, the share of people living in urban areas broke 50 percent for the first time, and UN projections place more than 65 percent of the global population in urban centers by 2050. As more people migrate from rural areas, hunger is moving to cities as well. In Africa, 14 million people migrate to cities each year, and worldwide some 800 million people depend on urban agriculture for their food needs. Urban agriculture is one of the key ways to promote security.

GO BEYOND AFRICA:

Agriculture and the global food system are major contributors to climate change mainly due to the intensive use of fossil fuel based inputs and factory farming of livestock. Livestock production is estimated to contribute 18 percent of global emissions of greenhouses gases, especially methane which is more potent than carbon dioxide. Large scale clearing of forests for agriculture causes about 17 percent of human-caused CO2 emissions and reduces their ability to absorb carbon. However, agriculture can become part of the solution. By intercropping farmlands in Africa with trees, 50 billion tonnes of carbon can be sequestered over the next 50 years, and that is a sizeable contribution equivalent to an entire year’s weight of global carbon emissions,  from a continent which contributes very little to the problem in the first place.

Here’s a short video about the study:

Conclusion : The report is optimistic and shows a pragmatic way forward to tackling a number of issues – climate change, food security, women’s welfare, poverty alleviation and self-reliance in the poorest of countries while highlighting several ground level innovations that work.

The document quotes sustainability researcher Jules Pretty as having surveyed in 1999, more than 286 projects in 57 developing countries.  She found that the average crop yield gain was 79 percent over previous production practices. Similar studies of sustainable rice intensification (SRI) plots in eight developing countries found that, on average, farmers increased yields 47 percent using mostly organic fertilizers and also saw a 40 percent water savings, a 23 percent reduction of input costs, and a 68 percent increase in income.

Organic farming can feed the world’s poor, while at the same time addressing fundamental issues of poverty and environmental degradation. The world needs to reorient itself towards small scale, locally adapted agriculture as a viable solution instead of large scale techno fixes that benefit a few.

A must read, State of the World 2011: Innovations that Nourish the Planet is available in summary version in the Google Document here and is available for purchase from the World Watch Institute website.

Further links you may be interested in:

1. EWTT: Prakash Singh Raghuvanshi : One Farmer’s Crusade to Save Indigenous Seeds

2. EWTT: Soil Biodiversity – The Invisible Hero

2. Nourishing the Planet Blog , Facebook Page and Twitter Page

Other Videos by Nourish the Planet:

1. Seeding Food Security with Urban Farming Nourishing the Planet co-Project Director, Brian Halweil discussed how urban agriculture will play a critical role in improving urban food security and alleviating global hunger and poverty.

2. Compensating Farmers for Sequestering Carbon in Soils: Brian Halweil discusses how farmers can help to mitigate climate change through agroforestry and intercropping.

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An Update on 9th September, 2010

Greenpeace India have now launched Version 2 of the Safe Food Guide to highlight the companies which guarantee that they do not use genetically modified content, and those who don’t give such guarantee.  A pocket guide has also been issued by them which show the brands in India that can be safely considered as GM free and those that cannot. According to them, “ While over 40 countries including Europe, Australia, New Zealand, China or Japan have opted for mandatory standards, the Indian Government is beating around the bush and not ensuring that labelling of foods containing GMOs is mandatory.”

According to the guide (Pg 5 of the fuller version), the most common ingredients that are found from large scale cultivation of GE crops such as corn, canola and soy are:

Corn:

• Corn flour, meal, oil, starch,gluten and syrup
• Sweeteners such as fructose, dextrose and glucose
• Modified food starch*

Soy:

• Soy flour, lecithin, protein, isolate, and isoflavone
• Vegetable oil* and vegetable protein*
• Canola oil (also known as rapeseed oil)

* These could be derived from other sources.

The detailed Version 2 of the Safe Food Guide outlines the companies in the Green List (who have assured they use no GM ingredients) and the Red List (who have not given such an assurance) . It’s interesting to see the results are not very different from the first version, however a few additions are to be seen.

The companies on the Red List (irresponsible/irresponsive to calls on position on GMOs) of Ver 2 of the Guide are quite an eye opener, as most of their products are really well known and popular brands in the Indian marketplace, some of which are also exported overseas.

Amul India
Cargill India Private Limited
Godrej Hersheys or Godrej Beverages and Foods Limited
Surya Foods
Agro Tech Foods Limited
Bharti Enterprises

The companies on the Yellow List who have some inclination towards a long term position on GMOs are Cadbury India Limited, ITC Limited, Ruchi Soya Industries, L T Foods Limited,  Heinz India Private Limited, Bambino Agro Industries, Kohinoor Foods Limited

The companies on the Green List which are progressive and have a declared policy not to use GM ingredients now or in the future are Vippy Industries, KRBL Limited and Dabur India Limited.

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It’s quite difficult to tell whether a vegetable, foodgrain or processed product that you’re eating has any Genetically Modified/Engineered Content (GM).  The first major attempt in India to compile a list of GM free food was made by Greenpeace which launched the SAFE FOOD GUIDE in 2009.  You may download the Guide here :

The guide is an important step in ensuring that consumers get transparent information, and can make intelligent food choices, especially as the labelling requirements on processed foods are lax in Asian countries like India.

The guide is an excellent read, and provides a good synopsis of the various field trials, and the environmental and health hazards of GM food.

It also outlines the brands which have GM content and those that are free. Of course, just because a brand is labelled free of GM content, doesn’t mean that those processed foods are necessarily healthy. Processed foods in general contain a lot of synthetic additives, and are not recommended for frequent consumption. They also consume a lot of resources in terms of production, packaging and distribution.

India Retailing provides a summary of the guide:

The issue is the use of Genetically Modified (GM) ingredients in foodstuffs. Greenpeace India today released its first ‘Safe food guide’, which has a ‘Red’ (avoid for now) and ‘Green’ (safe to use) recommendation.

The Green list comprises those companies that have assured Greenpeace they do not source GM ingredients. The Red list consists of companies that may have products containing GM ingredients.

Jai Krishna, sustainable agriculture campaigner, Greenpeace India, says, “The safety of GE crops as foodstuff for animals and humans is unknown and the testing regimes are inadequate. Studies on laboratory animals (rats) have pointed out potential health risks, including, abnormal growth of organs such as liver and kidney and many unpredictable effects. Therefore, this guide has an important role to inform consumers.”

There are no labellings regulations in India, according to Greenpeace. Currently, India does not allow the commercial cultivation of GM food crops, but there may be GM food ingredients in the food produced in India. Going by the 2008 figures given by Greenpeace, 56 GM crops are undergoing research in India. Of these, 41 comprise 169 varieties of cereals, oil seeds, cash crops, vegetables, fruit, pulses and spices. While a majority of these are in the laboratory stage, 11 food crops are undergoing various stages of field trial.

For international labels,  GMO Truth Alliance has released a guide which can be downloaded here:

Further links you may be interested in:

Reading Food Labels: Food Additives

Super Rice or Monster Rice? Why GM crops can’t feed the world This blog post also has several other links, including videos related to GM foods, and their impact on the environment and human health.

Please Note: Following a reader’s comment, we’ve updated the correct list of companies on 21st Jan 2011, as detailed in Version 2 of the guide

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                                                               -   EU Environment Commissioner Janez Potočnik

Flickr: D Sharon Pruitt

2010 is the UN International Year of Biodiversity. When talking about biodiversity, we often picture in our minds visible flora and fauna such as birds, animals, marine creatures and forests.  We seldom think of the microcosm of life in the earth’s soils that sustains us beyond measure. 

 The European Commission has recently released a report in February 2010 called  Soil Biodiversity: Functions, threats and tools  that really opens one’s eyes to the amazing biodiversity of the soils and its importance in the ecological sustenance of the planet.

According to their Press Release:

Soil is a fundamental element

Soil is a living resource that provides numerous essential services, releasing nutrients in forms that can be used by plants and other organisms. When this recycling function is impaired, agriculture, forestry and ultimately all life on Earth is threatened.

The micro-organisms contained in soil contribute to water purification and help remove pollution and pathogens. The loss of this service would reduce the quality and quantity of ground and surface waters, increasing the risk of erosion and landslides in mountain areas, and of flooding in lowland areas.

Soil also contains the second largest carbon pool on the planet. The loss of soil biodiversity reduces the ability of soils to regulate the composition of the atmosphere, diminishing their role in counteracting global warming.

Soil organisms constitute a major source of chemical and genetic resources. Antibiotic resistance develops fast, so the demand for new pharmaceutical products is almost unending, and soil biodiversity can be an important source. At present, only 1% of soil microorganism species are known.

Current threats to soil biodiversity

 The diversity of soil organisms is under threat from inappropriate agricultural practices, over-grazing, vegetation clearing, forest fires and poor irrigation practices. Land conversion, from grassland or forest to cropped land, results in rapid loss of soil carbon, which indirectly enhances global warming.

Urbanisation and soil sealing are a further threat, with concreting effectively killing the life in the soil beneath.

Existing policies related to soil biodiversity: 

Few countries have strong legislation to protect their soils, and at present no legislation or regulation specifically targeted at soil biodiversity exists at international, EU, national or regional level.

Efforts to conserve Soil Biodiversity in Europe has important lessons for Asia too. Asia is an agricultural hub, with billions of people depending on the soils in some form or the other for livelihoods.  Asia requires a legislative framework to protect soils, a return to organic and biodiverse farming methods which conserve soil while enabling people to sustain themselves.

Some very interesting facts from the report mentioned above:

• One hectare of soil contains the equivalent in weight of one cow of bacteria, two sheep of protozoa, and four rabbits of soil fauna
• Every year, soil organisms process an amount of organic matter equivalent in weight to 25 cars on a surface area as big as a soccer field
• Only 1% of soil microorganism species are known. There are typically one billion bacterial cells and about 10,000 different bacterial genomes in one gram of soil
• Some nematodes hunt for small animals by building various types of traps, such as rings, or produce adhesive substances to entrap and to colonise their prey
• Some fungi are extremely big and can reach a length of several hundred metres
• Some species of soil organisms can produce red blood to survive low oxygen conditions
• Some crustaceans have invaded land
• Termites have air conditioning in their nests
• Bacterial population can double in 20 minutes
• The fact to be ingested by earthworms or small insects can increase the activity of bacteria 
• Soil bacteria can produce antibiotics
• Bacteria can exchange genetic material
• Soil microorganisms can be dispersed over kilometres
• Some soil organisms can enter a dormant state and survive for several years while unfavourable environmental conditions persist
• Fungal diversity has been conservatively estimated at 1.5 million species
• Earthworms often form the major part of soil fauna biomass, representing up to 60% in some ecosystems
• Several soil organisms can help plants to fight against aboveground pests and herbivores
• Ninety per cent of the energy flow in the soil system is mediated by microbes
• The elimination of earthworm populations can reduce the water infiltration rate in soil by up to 93%
• The improper management of soil biodiversity worldwide has been estimated to cause a loss of 1 trillion dollars per year
• The use of pesticides causes a loss of more than 8 billion dollars per year
• Soils can help fight climate change

Amazing, isn’t it! There’s so much we take for granted about the universe beneath our feet. Let’s do our bit to preserve this precious ecosystem by supporting biodiverse, organic farms,  buying organic and pesticide free products, and using synthetic chemical-free fertilisers and compost in our own gardens.

Other links you may be interested in:

EWTT:  Organic Gardening :  Importance of Balanced Soils 

An interesting movie celebrating the soils is Dirt, the movie, the trailer of which you can view below:

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Palm Oil is the largest plantation crop in the world, and much of it is grown in Malaysia and Indonesia where primary rainforests that are rich in biodiversity and home to millions of species are being rapidly cleared.

Rapid expansion of plantations releases huge amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as peat swamps are drained, or rainforests burnt down. This threatens to accelerate global warming. Over 2 species an hour or 55,000 species a year globally are becoming extinct, much of it from tropical rainforests.

Are we all unwittingly contributing to this, each time we fill up our shopping trolleys?

One out of 10 supermarket products contains  palm oil in some form or the other. Palm oil is such a versatile product. It’s colourless and odourless, and improves the shelf life of several products. These attributes as well as the low cost make it attractive for manufacturers.

Food products which contain palm oil are as follows. This is not an exhaustive list :

Dry Biscuits (Crackers, Breadsticks, wafers, twists, flatbreads etc)  * Sweet Biscuits ( Shortbread, Thins, Cookies, tartlets, crepes etc) *   Cake Mixes * Chocolate * Crisps * Snack Foods (Chips – Potato, Tortilla, Rice etc, Other Snacks like seaweed, chickpeas, soy) * Frozen meals & fish * Frozen pizzas/pastry/pies/snacks * Frozen chips & wedges * Margarines, Spreads & Peanut Butter * Instant noodles * Cereals *

Why does this sound all too familiar? Palm oil has insidiously infiltrated into a majority of products that we see and consume every day!  Contributing to this is also the fear of transfats, that has lead to a rush to replace hydrogenated oils with Palm Oil as this TreeHugger article highlights.

Apart from this, there are inedible uses for Palm Oil.  Non-Food Products which contain Palm Oil are :

Soaps & Detergents * Shampoos* Candles * Cosmetics * Lubricants for Industrial Machinery * Grease for Bread Moulds * Drilling Mud for Petroleum * Grease to plastify and sterilise plastic products * Glue * Prints * Acids to lubricate fibres in textile industry

This video on Palm Oil in Supermarket products is worth watching:

How can we buy responsibly?

1.  Recognise brands which do not use palm oil in their contents. Though the site is Australian, some of the brands mentioned are global.  For a local or regional brand, look at the ingredient list as mentioned further below.

2. Consume less Processed Foods : If you take a good look at the products containing palm oil, you’ll soon see that they are mostly highly processed foods, which use an enormous amount of resources, such as fossil fuel based inputs in  large scale agriculture, processing and packaging, and food miles in terms of distance travelled from place of production to the supermarket. So in general, reducing the quantity of processed foods we consume is the best way to help reduce palm oil consumption, and help conserve resources for the world.

3. Recognise the ingredients which contain hidden palm oil. Read the labels behind every product that you buy.  From the Borneo Orangutan Society website:

• “As a rule of thumb, if the saturated fat content is about 50%, there is a good chance that the vegetable oil will in fact be palm oil.
• Another thing to watch out for on the ingredients list is margarine.  If the product contains margarine, it is highly likely that the margarine will have been derived from palm oil.
• Additives and agents such as emulsifiers (E471 is a common one), while a small component of the overall product, can also be derived from palm oil.”

Palm Oil Action.org lists these Unlabelled Palm oil ingredients to look out for.

Sodium Laureth Sulphate (Can also be from coconut)

Sodium Lauryl Sulphates (can also be from ricinus oil)

Sodium dodecyl Sulphate (SDS or NaDS)

Palmate

Palm Oil Kernal

Palmitate

Cosmetics:

Elaeis Guineensis

Glyceryl Stearate

Stearic Acid

Chemicals:

Steareth -2

Steareth -20

Sodium Lauryl Sulphate

Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate (coconut and/or palm)

Hydrated palm glycerides

Sodium isostearoyl lactylaye (derived from vegetable stearic acid)

Cetyl palmitate and octyl palmitate (and anything with palmitate at the end)

This video captures the effect on palm oil plantations on Orangutans:

Isn’t it tragic that magnificent, biodiverse rainforests are being cut down and burnt away for soaps and shampoos, cakes and biscuits. How can we even justify this to our grandchildren?  We as consumers shouldn’t be waiting for companies who are dragging their feet on “sustainable palm oil certifications”  to protect rainforests. We have to start demanding palm-oil free products every time we make that shopping trip.

It is upto us to watch what goes into our shopping trolley, even if it means a bit of inconvenience. If that little bit of inconvenience by way of reading labels, and perhaps using more fresh produce instead of processed foods, saves our precious rainforests and the orangutans…it’s surely worth it.

Further links you may be interested in:

BBC article: Big Business leaves big forest footprints

Please watch this moving film on what palm oil does to rainforests and the Orangutans- a highly endangered ape. It’s called Green the Film.

The Greenpeace report on how Palm Oil is Cooking the Climate is also an enlightening read.

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